Abstract

The surgical management of renal stones in children has undergone a dramatic changes in the last 40 years. Historically applied open surgical procedures have been largely been replaced by minimally invasive techniques, including percutaneous nephrolithotomy and ureteroscopic methods. The miniaturizations of endoscopes, fiber-optic technology and the availability of the holmium YAG laser, URS, and PNL have rendered ureterorenoscopy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy an attractive modality for pediatric patients. Today URS and PNL have been used as a first- line therapy in most pediatric cases. URS and PNL are effective methods to treat urinary stone disease in children. Complications are mostly low grade and transient.